Gnosticism
A religious movement that emerged strongly in the second and third centuries,
Gnosticism presented a strong challenge to orthodox Christianity. Its emphasis
was esoteric knowledge (gnosis) acquired through various means. Gnostics
refuted or altered the meaning of many Christian doctrines. Members of this
movement felt they possessed secret insights into the nature of God and of man.
Gnosticism taught that matter is essentially evil, the creation of an evil god.
Human beings possess a spark of divinity that is unfortunately trapped in matter
and in ignorance, and must be liberated. To overcome this condition, some
Gnostics embraced asceticism, while others embraced licentiousness, teaching
that any indulgence in the flesh did not affect the state of the soul. Man does
not need "salvation from sin,' but an "awakening out of spiritual
ignorance.'
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